Epidemiology of artherial hypertension in pregnants / Epidemiologia da hipertensão arterial em gestantes

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the epidemiological data of hypertension in pregnant women, as well as to identify its possible associated events. Methods Data collection was performed at the high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic and in the maternity ward at a public hospital in the São Paulo city, during the morning and afternoon periods, from October 2015 to July 2016. A questionnaire with 22 questions prepared by the researchers was used. The margin of error was 5% and the confidence level was 95%. For the calculation, the two-proportion equality, Pearson correlation and ANOVA tests were used. Results Among the interviewees, 43% had chronic hypertension, 33.3% presented with up to 20 weeks of gestation, 23.7% presented after the 20th week of gestation, 62.3% were between 18 and 35 years of age, 78.1% had a family history of hypertension, and among those aged 36 to 45 years, 11.4% were in the first gestation, and 26.3% in the second gestation. Considering the associated conditions, diabetes prevailed with 50%; obesity with 22.2%, and the most selected foods for consumption among pregnant women, 47.5% had high energy content (processed/ultraprocessed). Conclusion After an epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of hypertension, pregnant women with chronic hypertension, preexisting hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy, and hypertensive disease of pregnancy were identified. Regarding the possible factors associated with arterial hypertension, higher age, family history of hypertension, preexistence of hypertension, late pregnancies, diabetes, obesity and frequent consumption of processed/ultraprocessed foods were found.

RESUMO Objetivo Pesquisar os dados epidemiológicos da hipertensão arterial em gestantes, bem como identificar seus possíveis eventos associados. Métodos A coleta de dados foi realizada no ambulatório do pré-natal de alto risco e na enfermaria da maternidade em hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, nos períodos matutino e vespertino, de outubro de 2015 a julho de 2016. Foi aplicado um questionário com 22 perguntas elaborado pelos pesquisadores. A margem de erro foi de 5% e o nível de confiança, de 95%. Para o cálculo, foram usados o teste de igualdade de duas proporções, a correlação de Pearson e o teste de ANOVA. Resultados Dentre as entrevistadas, 43% tinham hipertensão crônica, 33,3% se apresentaram com até 20 semanas de gestação, 23,7% se apresentaram após a 20ª semana da gestação, 62,3% tinham idade entre 18 e 35 anos, 78,1% tinham antecedente familiar com hipertensão arterial, 11,4% com idade entre 36 a 45 anos estavam na primeira gestação, e 26,3% com a mesma idade estavam a partir da segunda gestação. Dentre as afecções associadas, prevaleceu o diabetes com 50%; 22,2% se tratavam de obesidade, e dos alimentos mais escolhidos para consumo entre as gestantes, 47,5% possuíam alto teor energético (processados/ultraprocessados). Conclusão Após análise epidemiológica no resultado da prevalência da hipertensão arterial, foram encontradas gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica, hipertensão arterial preexistente descoberta durante a gestação e doença hipertensiva específica da gestação. Em relação aos possíveis fatores associados à hipertensão arterial, foram encontrados: idade mais elevada, antecedentes familiares de hipertensão, preexistência de hipertensão, gestações tardias, diabetes, obesidade e frequente consumo de alimentos processados/ultraprocessados.

Protocolos de Vigilancia de las embarazadas y muertes en mujeres en edad fértil para la identificación de muerte materna. No. 13 / Surveillance protocols for pregnant women and deaths in women of childbearing age for the identification of maternal death. No. 13

Estos protocolos están dirigido a personal médico, paramédico y otros profesionales que realizan acciones gerenciales y operativas de vigilancia epidemiológica en los servicios de salud del país, y están divididos en varios tomos para dar a conocer y actualizar la identificación y medidas de control para diversos padecimientos a fin de continuar con el mejoramiento de las capacidades técnicas de los trabajadores de salud, que permita planificar la prestación de servicios con decisiones partiendo de un enfoque epidemiológico comprobado, para responder a los cambios de tendencias epidemiológicas y con ello contribuir al fortalecimiento de prácticas asertivas de la salud pública de nuestro país. Este protocolo, considera que, toda embarazada se considera de riesgo, sin embargo existen condiciones que hacen necesaria una vigilancia más estrecha entre las edades tempranas y tardías de la vida reproductiva, embarazos múltiples, antecedentes de afecciones previas y durante el embarazo. La identificación de factores que puedan incidir en un aumento de riesgo obstétrico que pueda desencadenar complicaciones y en el peor de los casos la muerte, se constituye en prioridad para el desarrollo de estrategias de vigilancia y atención en el país. Su objetivo es el de identificar embarazadas en condiciones de riesgo que ameriten vigilancia más estrecha o referencia oportuna a un servicio con mejor capacidad resolutiva. Y específicamente, registrar y analizar las variables epidemiológicas de las embarazadas

Internações por complicações obstétricas na gestação e desfechos maternos e perinatais, em uma coorte de gestantes no Sistema Único de Saúde no Município de São Paulo, Brasil / Hospitalizations due to complications of pregnancy and maternal and perinatal outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System in São Paulo, Brazil / Internamientos por complicaciones obstétricas en la gestación y desenlaces maternos y perinatales, en una cohorte de gestantes en el Sistema Único de Salud en el municipio de São Paulo, Brasil

A morbidade materna, a mortalidade neonatal e a mortalidade fetal são importantes indicadores da saúde materna infantil. O estudo tem por objetivo descrever desfechos maternos e perinatais (baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade, óbito fetal e neonatal, internações pós-parto e readmissão dos recém-nascidos) de uma coorte de gestantes cujos partos foram financiados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, no segundo semestre de 2012. Foi obtida uma coorte retrospectiva de 55.404 gestantes com vinculação (determinística e probabilística) das informações do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS), Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES). Internações por complicações obstétricas da gestação ocorreram em 4,3% das gestantes. Diagnósticos mais frequentes foram: infecções, doenças hipertensivas e diabetes. As internações prévias ao parto foram mais frequentes nas gestantes a partir de 35 anos, de gestações múltiplas e com baixa escolaridade. As internações das gestantes no pós-parto foram 3 vezes maior e a mortalidade materna 9 vezes maior entre as gestantes com internação prévia por complicações obstétricas. Os desfechos perinatais (mortalidade fetal e neonatal, prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer) foram 2 vezes mais frequentes entre os conceptos de gestantes com internação prévia que aquelas sem internação. Comportamento semelhante foi encontrado com relação à internação dos recém-nascidos logo após o parto e na readmissão hospitalar. Desfechos maternos e perinatais negativos foram mais frequentes em gestantes com internação prévia ao parto.

Maternal morbidity, fetal mortality, and neonatal mortality are important indicators of maternal and child health. The study aimed to describe maternal and perinatal outcomes (low birth weight, prematurity, fetal and neonatal deaths, postpartum hospitalizations, and readmission of newborns) in a cohort of pregnant women whose deliveries were covered by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in the second semester of 2012. We obtained a retrospective cohort of 55,404 pregnant women with deterministic and probabilistic linkage of data from the Hospital Information System of the SUS (SIH/SUS), Information System on Live Births (SINASC), Mortality Information System (SIM), and National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES) databases. Hospitalizations due to obstetric complications occurred in 4.3% of the women. The most frequent diagnoses were infection, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, and diabetes. Hospitalizations prior to childbirth were more common in pregnant women 35 years or older and those with a history of multiple pregnancies and low schooling. Postpartum hospitalizations were three times greater and maternal mortality was nine times greater in pregnant women with a history of previous hospitalization due to obstetric complications. Adverse perinatal outcomes (fetal and neonatal mortality and low birth weight) were twice as frequent in infants of women with previous hospitalization when compared to those without. A similar pattern was seen in hospitalization of newborns soon after birth and in hospital readmission. Adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes were more frequent in pregnant women with a history of previous hospitalization.

La morbilidad materna, la mortalidad neonatal y la mortalidad fetal son importantes indicadores de la salud materna infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue describir desenlaces maternos y perinatales (bajo peso al nacer, prematuridad, óbito fetal y neonatal, internamientos posparto y readmisión de los recién nacidos) de una cohorte de gestantes, cuyos partos fueron financiados por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) en el municipio de Sao Paulo, durante el segundo semestre de 2012. Se obtuvo una cohorte retrospectiva de 55.404 gestantes con vinculación (determinística y probabilística) de la información del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria de SUS (SIH/SUS), Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC), Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM) y Registro Nacional de Establecimientos de Salud (CNES). Se produjeron internamientos por complicaciones obstétricas en la gestación en un 4,3% de las gestantes. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: infecciones, enfermedades relacionadas con la hipertensión y diabetes. Los internamientos previos al parto fueron más frecuentes en las gestantes a partir de 35 años, con gestaciones múltiples y con baja escolaridad. Los internamientos de las gestantes en el posparto fueron 3 veces mayores y la mortalidad materna 9 veces mayor entre las gestantes con un internamiento previo por complicaciones obstétricas. Los desenlaces perinatales (mortalidad fetal y neonatal, prematuridad y bajo peso al nacer) fueron 2 veces más frecuentes entre los conceptos de gestantes con internamiento previo que aquellas sin internamiento. Un comportamiento semejante se encontró en relación con el internamiento de los recién nacidos inmediatamente tras el parto y en la readmisión hospitalaria. Desenlaces maternos y perinatales negativos fueron más frecuentes en gestantes con internamiento previo al parto.

Impact of maternal diabetes mellitus on mortality and morbidity of very low birth weight infants: a multicenter Latin America study / Impacto da diabetes mellitus maternal sobre a mortalidade e morbidade de crianças com muito baixo peso ao nascer: um estudo em diversos centros da América Latina

OBJECTIVES: To compare mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) born to women with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: This was a cohort study with retrospective data collection (2001-2010, n = 11.991) from the NEOCOSUR network. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the outcome of neonatal mortality and morbidity as a function of maternal DM. Women with no DM served as the reference group. RESULTS: The rate of maternal DM was 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5-3.1), but a significant (p = 0.019) increase was observed between 2001-2005 (2.4%, 2.1-2.8) and 2006-2010 (3.2%, 2.8-3.6). Mothers with DM were more likely to have received a complete course of prenatal steroids than those without DM. Infants of diabetic mothers had a slightly higher gestational age and birth weight than infants of born to non-DM mothers. Distribution of mean birth weight Z-scores, small for gestational age status, and Apgar scores were similar. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and patent ductus arteriosus. Delivery room mortality, total mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, and early-onset sepsis rates were significantly lower in the diabetic group, whereas necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was significantly higher in infants born to DM mothers. In the logistic regression analysis, NEC grades 2-3 was the only condition independently associated with DM (adjusted OR: 1.65 [95% CI: 1.2 -2.27]). CONCLUSIONS: VLBWI born to DM mothers do not appear to be at an excess risk of mortality or early morbidity, except for NEC. .

OBJETIVOS: Comparar mortalidade e morbidade em crianças de muito baixo peso (MBP) filhas de mães com e sem diabetes mellitus (DM). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte com coleta retrospectiva de dados (2001-2010, n = 11.991) da rede Neocosur. Odds ratios ajustados foram calculados para mortalidade e morbilidade neonatal em função da DM materna. Mulheres sem DM serviram como grupo de referência. RESULTADOS: A taxa de DM materna foi de 2,8% (IC 95% 2,5-3,1), mas um aumento significativo (p = 0,019) entre 2001-2005 (2,4%) e 2006-2010 (3,2%) foi observado. As mães com DM eram mais propensas a ter recebido um curso completo de esteroides pré-natais do que as sem DM. Os bebês de mães diabéticas tinham uma idade gestacional e peso ao nascer um pouco maior do que crianças filhas de não DM. A distribuição dos escores z do peso ao nascer, pequeno para idade gestacional e de Apgar foi semelhante. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em termos de síndrome do desconforto respiratório, displasia broncopulmonar, hemorragia intraventricular, leucomalácia periventricular e persistência do ductus arteriosus. Mortalidade na sala de parto, mortalidade total, necessidade de ventilação mecânica e taxas de sepse neonatal precoce foram significativamente menores no grupo diabético, enquanto enterocolite necrosante (NEC) foi significativamente maior em recém-nascidos de mães diabéticas. Em análises de regressão logística NEC foi a única condição independentemente associada com DM (OR ajustado 1,65 [IC 95% 1,21 -2,27]). CONCLUSÕES: Crianças MBP de DM não parecem estar em um excesso de risco de mortalidade ou morbidade precoce, exceto NEC. .

Prognóstico obstétrico de pacientes portadoras de diabetes mellitus pré-gestacional / Pregnancy outcomes in women with pre-existing diabetes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações epidemiológicas, de perfil clínico e de prognóstico obstétrico em pacientes portadoras de diabetes mellitus pré-gestacional. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospetivo (coorte) de todas as gestações simples, com diagnóstico de diabetes prévio que foram seguidas num centro com apoio perinatal diferenciado entre 2004 e 2011 (n=194). Analisaram-se tendências relacionadas com dados demográficos e variáveis clínicas maternas, dados de indicadores de cuidados pre-concepcionais e durante a gravidez, e de controle metabólico. Dados do parto como a idade gestacional (IG) do parto, via do parto e peso do neonato foram variáveis também estudadas. RESULTADOS: A frequência global de diabetes prévia, durante o período estudado, foi de 4,4 por mil, não se verificando variações significativas durante o período de estudo. Os casos de diabetes tipo 2 permaneceram constantes. Em 67% dos casos o parto foi de termo (máximo de 80% em 2010 - 2011), registrou-se uma redução significativa dos partos por cesárea eletiva (p=0,03) e na incidência de neonatos considerados grandes para a IG (p=0,04) ao longo dos anos em estudo. Apesar dos bons resultados relacionados com o controle metabólico ao longo da vigilância da gravidez não foi registrada nenhuma melhora ao longo do tempo. Da mesma forma a proporção de gestantes diabéticas com avaliação pre-concepcional permaneceu pouco animadora. CONCLUSÕES: O seguimento de gestantes portadoras de diabetes mellitus em unidades multidisciplinares parece permitir um ajuste metabólico tão precoce quanto possível, de forma a conseguir melhorar o prognóstico obstétrico. A melhora nos cuidados pré-concepcionais continua sendo um desafio.

PURPOSE: To describe trends in prevalence, indicators of care and pregnancy outcomes for women with pre-existing type I or type II diabetes. METHODS: Cohort study of all consecutive singleton pregnancies complicated by pre-existing type I or type II diabetes followed from 2004 to 2011 at a tertiary perinatal care centre (n=194). We collected data from the medical records and described trends in demographics, clinical history, indicators of care before or during pregnancy and glycaemic control. We also studied perinatal outcomes, including gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, and birthweight. RESULTS: The overall incidence of pregestational diabetes was 4.4 per 1000, with no significant changes throughout the study period. The number of type 2 diabetes cases also remained constant. In 67% of cases delivery occurred after 37 weeks (maximum 80% in 2010 - 11). During this period there was a significant reduction in rates of elective caesarean section (p=0.03) and in the incidence of large infants for gestational age (p=0.04). Indicators of glycaemic control were favorable throughout pregnancy, with no significant trends detected during the study period. However, preconceptional care indicators were substandard, with no significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach to diabetic management and obstetric practice contributed to adequate glycaemic control throughout pregnancy and to improved pregnancy outcomes. Preconceptional care remains a key challenge.

El exceso y el bajo peso corporal al nacimiento en hijos de madres con diabetes / Excess and low body weight at birth in diabetic-mother infants

Introducción: el hijo de madre con diabetes (HMD) puede sufrir alteraciones durante el embarazo por la enfermedad materna. Cuando aparece en la segunda mitad de la gestación hablamos de fetopatía diabética, más frecuente en mujeres con descontrol metabólico y en la diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). La edad, paridad, obesidad, ganancia de peso durante el embarazo, grado de intolerancia a la glucosa, entre otros, pueden influir como determinantes del crecimiento fetal. Los autores se propusieron conocer la relación de estos factores con el peso del neonato. Objetivo: identificar factores modificables en las embarazadas con diabetes que permitan aumentar la frecuencia de recién nacidos de adecuado peso según edad gestacional. Métodos: se analizaron los resultados en 2 038 nacidos vivos hijos de madres con diabetes (350 diabéticas pregestacionales y 1 688 diabéticas gestacionales), durante 14 años. Resultados: la frecuencia de exceso de peso corporal neonatal resultó 11,83 porciento, se alcanzó su reducción, pero sin aumento del bajo peso. No existieron diferencias significativas en frecuencia de exceso de peso corporal entre las diabéticas pregestacionales y las gestacionales. El exceso de peso neonatal se relacionó con: multiparidad, exceso de peso materno pregestacional, ganancia de peso excesiva y grado de control metabólico durante el embarazo. El bajo peso se relacionó con: bajo peso materno pregestacional, enfermedad hipertensiva gravídica y lesión vascular materna a nivel glomerular. Conclusión: los recién nacidos con exceso o bajo peso para la edad gestacional se relacionaron con factores de riesgo diferentes

Introduction: the child of a diabetic mother (CDM) can suffer alterations during pregnancy by this maternal disease. When it appears in the second half of gestation, we talk of diabetic foetopathy, which is more frequent in women with uncontrolled metabolic and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Age, parity, obesity, weight gain during pregnancy, degree of glucose intolerance, among others, can influence fetal growth determinants. The research sought to understand the relationship of these factors with birth weight. Objective: to identify modifiable factors, which increase the frequency of newborns with appropriate weight for gestational age in diabetic pregnant women. Methods: results are analyzed in 2 038 live births born from diabetic mothers (350 diabetic pre-gestational and diabetic gestational 1 688), during 14 years. Results: occurrence of excess neonatal weight was 11.83 percent, its reduction was achieved, but with no increase in weight. No significant differences were observed in the frequency of excess body weight among pre-gestational and gestational diabetic patients. Neonatal overweight is associated with parity, maternal pre- pregnancy overweight, excessive weight gain and degree of metabolic control during pregnancy. Underweight was associated with low maternal weight before pregnancy, gestational hypertensive disease and mother vascular glomerular injury. Conclusion: the excess or low weights in infants in relation with their gestational age were associated with different risk factors

Valoración de la ganancia de peso corporal en la embarazada con diabetes / Valuation of body weight gain in diabetic pregnant

Introducción: tradicionalmente se han utilizado índices antropométricos para evaluar el estado nutricional de la mujer embarazada. Objetivo: realizar un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo con la intención de evaluar el estado nutricional de un grupo de gestantes con diabetes. Métodos: se estudiaron un total de 1 891 gestantes con diabetes, de ellas 1 211 con Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional y 680 pregestacionales en un período de 13 años (1994-2006). La información se recogió en una hoja Excel y se procesó la misma en la base de datos Microsoft Access 2000. Se aplicó el paquete estadístico de SSPS y se aceptó como significativamente estadístico cuando fue la p < 0,05. Resultados: se detectó que la ganancia de peso en embarazada con diabetes estuvo influenciada por su edad, la paridad, el índice de masa corporal y el grado de control metabólico ejercido a lo largo de la gestación, con diferencias en algunas de estas variables entre las diabéticas mellitus gestacionales y las pregestacionales. Conclusión: según nuestros resultados, con la intención de obtener recién nacidos de normopeso corporal, las diabéticas mellitus gestacionales con óptimo control metabólico deben tener una ganancia de peso en relación con su índice de masa corporal y este oscilará entre 10 y 12 kg, y en las pregestacionales ese aumento oscilará entre 7 y 12 kg

Introduction: traditionally the anthropometric indexes have been used to assess the nutritional status of the pregnant. Objective: to conduct a descriptive-retrospective study to assess the nutritional status of a group of diabetic pregnants. Methods: a total of 1 891 diabetic pregnants was studied, from them 1 211 presenting with gestational diabetes mellitus y 680 with pre-gestational diabetes during 13 years (1994-2006). Information was collected in an Excel sheet processing it in the Microsoft Access 2000 database and p < 0,05 was considered statistically significant. Results: it was noted that the weight gain in the diabetic pregnant was influenced by age, parity and body mass index (BMI) of pregnant and the degree of metabolic control exerted throughout pregnancy with differences in some variables between the pregnants with gestational diabetes mellitus and those with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: according our results and trying to achieve newborn with a normal weight, the pregnant with gestational diabetes mellitus con a optimal metabolic control must to show a weight gain related to its BMI and it will fluctuate between 10 and 12 kg and those with pre-gestational diabetes this increase will fluctuate between 7 and 12 kg

Frequency of various neonatal complications in infants born to diabetic mothers - a hospital base study

To determine the frequency of various complications occurring in infants of diabetic mothers. This descriptive study was conducted in the neonatal unit and obstetric units of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from January to July 2010. Forty two consecutive cases of infants of diabetic mothers were enrolled in the study. Maternal history especially obstetric history and history regarding diabetes mellitus was obtained and complete neonatal examination was performed. The physical findings and anthropometric measurements were recorded into a printed Proforma. Serum glucose, serum calcium, hematocrit and echocardiography was performed in all enrolled babies. Out of 42 diabetic mothers, gestation diabetes was seen in 71.4% while pre-conceptional diabetes was seen in 28.5%. The male Infants of Diabetic Mothers in this study were 69%. Infant of Diabetic Mothers delivered by C-section were 45%. Macrosomia 40.4% [n=42] was found to be the most common complication followed by hypoglycaemia 23.8%. The mortality rate in our study was 4.7% [n=2]. This study confirms the high occurrence of complications in newborns, born to diabetic mothers. Large for gestational age and hypoglycemia were the commonest complications

Riesgo preconcepcional en la mujer diabética / Preconception risk in diabetes woman

Riesgo reproductivo es la probabilidad de sufrir un daño durante el proceso de la reproducción. Existen varios factores de riesgo reproductivo, que no son más que características biológicas, psíquicas, genéticas, ambientales, sociales y económicas asociadas a una probabilidad incrementada de experimentar un daño durante el proceso reproductivo (en ocasiones para la salud de la embarazada, en otras para el producto de la gestación y en ocasiones para ambos). Estos factores pueden ser identificados antes de producir el daño, lo cual permite incidir sobre estos con acciones de salud...

Pregnancy outcomes of diabetic women: charting Oman's progress towards the goals of the saint vincent declaration

Oman provides comprehensive care for the detection and management of diabetes during pregnancy with the goal of reducing or eliminating adverse outcomes for mothers and newborns. We assessed the outcome of pregnancies complicated with diabetes as compared to healthy controls. A 1-year retrospective review of registry records was conducted on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM] and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus [PGDM]. Of the 5394 women registered, 225 had GDM and 56 had PGDM. Fourteen cases of GDM and 2 cases of PGDM were excluded. For each patient recruited, the next healthy control of the same age and parity was selected. Nearly 80% of diabetic women achieved good glycemic control [hemoglobin A1c <7%]. Adjusted for hypertension and body mass index, the risk of macrosomia was three times higher among women with GDM [OR=3.03, 95% CI=1.36-6.75] and up to seven times higher among those with PGDM [OR=7.20, 95% CI=2.30-22.61]. A significantly higher risk of cesarean delivery was observed among women with GDM [OR=2.70, 95% CI=1.17-4.03] and PGDM [OR=4.39, 95% CI=1.68-11.49]. Admission to the special care baby unit was higher among infants born to mothers with PGDM [OR=5.70, 95% CI=2.40-13.51] and GDM [OR=2.85, 95% CI=1.68-4.83]. The findings indicate that many of the unfavorable pregnancy outcomes of diabetes for women and infants have not been brought under control despite the comprehensive care provided. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the system of care provided to pregnant women and to identify gaps in achieving the goals of the St. Vincent Declaration

Diabetes e gestação: perfil clínico e laboratorial em pré-natal de alto risco / Diabetes and pregnancy: clinical profile in high-risk prenatal care

Introdução: O diabetes é complicação clínica frequente na gestação e sua prevalência vem aumentando nos últimos anos. Objetivo: Analisar a frequência dos tipos de diabetes na gestação, as características clínicas das gestantes e alguns desfechos materno-fetais, em pré-natal de alto risco. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de revisão dos prontuários eletrônicos de mulheres com diabetes e gestação atendidas no período de janeiro 2009 a junho 2010 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Resultados: Nesse período, 173 gestantes foram atendidas no ambulatório de gestação e diabetes, no total de 1459 consultas. O diabetes gestacional ocorreu em 84% das gestantes, 8% apresentaram diabetes tipo 2, 6%, diabetes tipo 1 e 2%, outros tipos. As mulheres com diabetes gestacional apresentaram HbA1c inferior às demais. A maioria das pacientes iniciou o pré-natal após o primeiro trimestre. A taxa geral de cesariana foi de 56%, tendo sido mais frequente no diabetes tipo 1. O recém-nascido foi considerado pequeno para a idade gestacional em 9% dos casos, e grande em 13%, sem diferença entre os tipos de diabetes. Nas mulheres com diabetes gestacional, o peso do recém-nascido correlacionou-se positivamente com o índice de massa corporal, glicemia de jejum ao diagnóstico e HbA1c da mãe. Conclusão: O diabetes associado à gestação é motivo frequente de atendimento no pré-natal especializado do HCPA, sendo a maioria diabetes gestacional. Nesses casos, obesidade e pior controle glicêmico associaram-se com o peso fetal aumentado. As gestantes chegam tardiamente ao centro de tratamento, com controle metabólico aquém do recomendado.

Background: Gestational diabetes is a common complication of pregnancy and its prevalence has increased in the last years. Aim: To describe the frequency of different types of diabetes, maternal clinical characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant diabetic women who received prenatal care at a high-risk prenatal center. Method: Review of medical records of pregnant diabetic women who received prenatal care between January 2009 and June 2010 at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Results: In this period, 173 pregnant diabetic women received prenatal care; 1,459 medical visits were made. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed in 84% of the women, 8% had type 2 diabetes, 6% had type 1 diabetes, and 2% had other types of diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes had lower HbA1c than the other diabetic groups. Most patients started the prenatal care after the first quarter. The global frequency of cesarean section was 56% but it was more frequent among type 1 diabetics. Newborns were small for gestational age in 9% of the cases and large for gestational age in 13%, without significant differences between different types of diabetes. In gestational diabetic women, birth weight was associated with mother’s body mass index, fasting glycemia at diagnosis, and HbA1c. Conclusion: Diabetes associated with pregnancy is a frequent reason for prenatal care at HCPA; gestational diabetes is the most frequent type of diabetes and, in these women, maternal obesity and worst glycemic control adversely influenced fetal birth weight. Patients arrive with a suboptimal glycemic control and start their treatment with undesirable delay.

Pregnancy outcomes in pre-gestational and gestational diabetic women in comparison to non-diabetic women--A prospective study in Asian Indian mothers (CURES-35).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetes can complicate pregnancy but it is not the major complication of pregnancy. Though prevalence of diabetes is alarmingly high among Indians there have been very few studies assessing the effect of diabetes on pregnancy outcomes, particularly comparing pre-gestational diabetes mellitus [PGDM] and gestational diabetes [GDM] with non-diabetic mothers. METHODS: Pregnant women attending the Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, a tertiary care centre for diabetes in Chennai in southern India were selected for the study. PGDM and GDM were defined using standard criteria. Out of the 245 pregnant women with diabetes registered at the centre, follow up data was available for 225, which included 79 PGDM and 146 GDM subjects. Non-diabetic controls (n=30) were recruited from the ongoing population based study the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Details of outcome variables including abortions, mode of delivery, congenital anomalies and neonate's birth weight were documented. RESULTS: Women with PGDM had significantly higher fasting plasma glucose [p<0.001] and fructosamine [p<0.001] levels compared to GDM. Proportion of women who underwent abortions was 0% in non-diabetic controls, 10.1% in PGDM and 2.7% in GDM and the difference between PGDM and GDM was statistically significant [p = 0.04]. Prevalence of 'low birth weight' babies in the study groups were, 14.3% in non-diabetic mothers, 12.3% in PGDM and 8.2% in GDM. The prevalence of 'large babies' was higher in GDM [27.6%] and PGDM [19.2%] groups compared to non-diabetic controls [7.1%] but the differences reached statistical significance only in the GDM group [p = 0.04]. Prevalence of congenital anomalies was 0% among non-diabetic controls, 3.8% in PGDM and 1.4% in GDM but the differences did not reach statistical significance. A significant increase in frequency of abortions [trend chi square = 5.67, p = 0.017] and 'low birth weight' babies [trend chi square = 4.761,p = 0.029] was observed with increasing fructosamine levels in the diabetic mothers. CONCLUSION: Women with diabetes have worse pregnancy outcomes compared to non-diabetic mothers with and those with pre-gestational diabetes fare worse than those with gestational diabetes. The study emphasizes the fact that strict glycemic control is extremely important during pregnancy.

Metformina en el tratamiento de la anovulación asociada a insulino-resistencia / Use of metformin on anovulation associated insulin-resistance

Se presentan 18 casos de pacientes infértiles anovulatorias en que se efectuó el diagnóstico de insulino resistencia y fueron tratadas con metformina. Once pacientes se embarazaron, 7 con metformina y 4 al asociar citrato de clomifeno. Seis pacientes tuvieron parto de término, 2 presentaron aborto de primer trimestre y 3 embarazos están en curso. De los 6 embarazos de término, 2 presentaron diabetes gestacional. Se revisa la literatura y se discute la conveniencia de mantener el tratamiento con metformina durante el embarazo para prevenir diabetes gestacional.

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy: a study of fifty cases

To review and critically evaluate the incidence, epidemiology, clinical pattern, diagnosis, management, complications and outcome of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy in hospital based study. Setting: A study of 50 cases of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy studied during the period 1ST June 2001 to 1st June 2003 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit-II, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Main outcome measures: Maternal and fetal outcome. Total number of women delivered were 11271. Fifty cases of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy were studied. Mostly the patients were more then 30 years of age, multiparous ladies with gestational diabetes in 80% of cases, Type-II diabetes in 16% and only in 4% Type-I diabetes was reported. Insulin was required in 40% of patients. Eight women out of 50 had spontaneous miscarriage, 5 underwent preterm delivery while 36 reached term with one intrauterine death. Total number of babies delivered alive were 41. There was one stillbirth and 3 neonatal deaths. Management of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy involves teamwork of Obstetricians,Physicians and Neonatologists

Failure of intensive fetal monitoring and ultrasound in reducing the stillbirth rate

Although highly popularized among obstetricians, there are conflicting results regarding the efficacy of high-resolution ultrasound and other fetal well-being tests on improving neonatal outcome and morbidity. To assess the impact of unrestricted fetal well-being tests and sonographic evaluations on the stillbirth rate, we evaluated a total of 1,810 pregnancies 20 weeks of gestation or more from a single private clinic serving a mixed population of high and low-risk patients. All patients were performed high-resolution sonography during each trimester of pregnancy. In addition, on each prenatal visit, fetal heart rate, position and amniotic fluid index were documented by a limited sonographic scan. Further sonographic studies were done whenever deemed necessary depending on the clinical situation. Biophysical profiles were performed in the third trimester at any time a risk factor was identified, and repeated as frequently as estimated necessary. All cases of fetal death in utero were documented and the associated maternal risk factors assessed. A total of 14 stillbirths occurred among the 1,810 patients. The stillbirth rate for this population was determined to be 7.7/1000 births (U.S. national average of 6.7-7.8/1000 births). The most common associated maternal complications were Diabetes (4 cases) and Antiphospholipid syndrome (3 cases). All except for one fetus lost at 37 weeks had at least one identifiable maternal risk factor. These results prove that intensive fetal surveillance, even when unrestricted by economic concerns, has limited effectiveness in avoiding fetal demise. This is most probably due to acute placental and cord accidents that cannot be detected promptly enough or that are simply unavoidable.

Anticuerpos antiislotes pancreáticos en diabéticas gestacionales: problemas maternos y complicaciones neonatales / Islet cell antibodies in gestational diabetes women: maternal events and neonatal complications

Diferentes investigaciones han evidenciado en los últimos años la presencia de anticuerpos anti-islotes pancreáticos (ICA = islet cell antibodies) en pacientes con diabetes gestacional. Con el objetivo de identificar la posible relación entre la presencia de ICA durante la gestación con factores de riesgo de diabetes gestacional, el uso de insulina y algunas complicaciones puerperales y neonatales se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 58 pacientes con diabetes gestacional, a quienes se les determinó la presencia o no de ICA inmediatamente después de establecido el diagnóstico. En cada una de las pacientes se estudiaron variables como: presencia de ICA, presencia de factores de riesgo de diabetes gestacional, uso de insulina durante la gestación y presencia de complicaciones puerperales y neonatales. La determinación de ICA fue positiva en 9 pacientes (15,5 porciento) y los factores de riesgo de diabetes gestacional tuvieron asociación estadísticamente significativa con el antecedente de macrosomía fetal (p = 6,874 x 103), y la relación con otros factores no fue significativa. Se usó más frecuentemente insulina en las pacientes con ICA positivo y en este grupo fueron más frecuentes las complicaciones puerperales y neonatales, aunque sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluyó que el antecedente de hijo macrosómico se asocia estadísticamente con la presencia de ICA durante la gestación y se requieren ulteriores estudios con muestras mayores para identificar otras posibles asociaciones

Diabetes y embarazo en México / Pregnancy and diabetes in Mexico

Objetivo. Conocer algunas características de diabetes pregestacional y gestacional en México. Material y métodos: Revisamos la literatura mexicana de pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) y embarazo que emplearon los criterios de clasificación propuestos por el National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) y la Organización mundial de la Salud, así como los estudios para identificar DMG en embarazadas normales empleando carga de glucosa. Resultados. Hubo cinco series de DM y embarazo con un total de 689 pacientes: 331 de DM pregestacional tipo 2 y 32 de tipo 1; las otras 326 pacientes (47 por ciento) se clasificaron como DM gestacional (DMG) identificadas por cuadro clínico con hiperglucemia o por hiperglucemia de ayuno (> 140 mg/dL) cuando menos en dos ocasiones. El patrón de distribución de los tipos 1 y 2 fue similar en las series. Las principales complicaciones maternas fueron toxemia (18 por ciento) polihidramnios (10 por ciento) e infección de vías urinarias (6 por ciento), y las perinatales fueron muerte (7 por ciento), de las cuales 46 por ciento fueron intrauterinas y 54 por ciento neonatales. Hubo malformaciones congénitas en 6 por ciento de los niños, 25 por ciento de macrosomia y 8 por ciento de prematurez. En la reevaluación en el puerperio de 71 casos de DMG, hubo 48 (68 por ciento) con DM tipo 2, una tipo 1, tres (4 por ciento) con intolerancia a la glucosa (IG) y 19 (27 por ciento) con respuesta normal. Hubo seis estudios de detección de DMG en embarazadas normales con una prevalancia de 4 a 11 por ciento; tres de ellos corresponden a la ciudad de Monterrey con un total de 2,338 mujeres con prevalencia de 5.3 por ciento versus 10.5 a 11 por ciento en los otros estudios. La evaluación de 26 mujeres en el peurperio identificó a tres con DM tipo (12 por ciento), cinco con IG (19 por ciento) y 18 (69 por ciento) con respuesta normal. Conclusiones. La DM pregestacional de tipo 2 es la diabetes que con más frecuencia se asocia a embarazo y se acompaña de un incremento en las morbilidades materna y fetal. La DMG son tipo 2 mayoritariamente. La aparición de DMG ocurre en una proporción signficativa de 4 a 11 por ciento de la población obstétrica mexicana, las cuales tienen en su mayoría una respuesta normal en el puerperio. Se requiere una myor participación en la diabetes del embarazo, así como el escutrinio sistemático de embarazadas normales con el fin de proporcionar una mejor atención obstétrica

Outcome of pregnancy with abnormal glucose metabolism

To study the perinatal outcome in women with abnormal glucose metabolism.Screening and Diagnosis: All pregnant women at 24 to 28 weeks gestation without any historic or clinical risk factors were screened by a standard 50 g oral glucose challenge test. Venous plasma glucose values after one hour were abnormal if >/= 7.2mmol/l. Patients with associated risk factors or with abnormal glucose screening test were subjected to a three hour oral glucose tolerance test after three days of at least 200 g of carbohydrate diet and 50 g oral glucose. Fasting values of 5.8 mmol/l and 1,2 and 3 hour values of 9,7 and 5.8 mmol/l were considered abnormal. When both one and two hour values were elevated patients were categorised as having gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]. Those with any other one or two raised values were assigned to hyperglycemia group [HGG]. During a two year period of 1993 and 1994, 1829 patients delievered in Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, out of which 80 patients were found to have hyperglycemia and 71 GDM. Ten patients were known to have diabetes mellitus from one to twelve years. Since this number was very small they were included in GDM group for statistical purposes. Incidence of HG and GDM+DM was 4.3% and 4.4% respectively. Treatment: All patients were treated with diet. Insulin was added if considered necessary. All were followed up at regular intervals. Outcome HGG GDM+DM. - [No.80] [No. 71+10].- Macrosomia 3.75% 8.64%.- Shoulder dystocia 1.20% 2.40%.- Caesarean section 10.00% 17.28%.- The perinatal mortality and morbidy can be considerably reduced by good control of maternal hyperglycemia